Airplane Aerodynamics using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)

Analyze full aircraft geometry with Stallion 3D β€” from setup to results.

Learn how to analyze an airplane with Stallion 3D CFD software πŸ“Ί

We begin in OpenVSP with an OV‑10A aircraft downloaded from the OpenVSP Hangar.

  • Run CompGeom to clean up and trim the model.
  • Hide or remove unnecessary surfaces before export.
  • Export the geometry as an STL file via File β†’ Export.
  • Go to Design β†’ Import/Edit STL File and open the model.
  • Align the geometry with the wind direction in the import editor.
  • If the model is in English units, adjust the scale factor so the dimensions are correct.
  • Delete the default surface in Stallion 3D (Edit β†’ Surface β†’ Delete).

Example model: β€œTwin Tail” (~77,000 facets).

  • Set Angle of Attack (example: 2Β°).
  • Define the Reference Area and Reference Length for coefficient calculations (example: 27.2 mΒ² and 2.3 m).
  • Set the Center of Gravity location as needed (example: x β‰ˆ 5.72).

Reference values enable comparison against published data and consistent nondimensional coefficients.

  • Open CFD Solver β†’ Setup.
  • Choose a cell count (example: ~0.96M cells) and turbulence model (RANS).
  • Set a cubic computational domain using minimum x,y,z and side length.
  • Use radiation boundary conditions for far-field boundaries.
  • Specify total iterations (example: 35,000) and the restart/save cadence (e.g., every 1,000 iters).
  • Launch β€œGenerate Grid & Solve.”
  • Go to Flow Field β†’ Actuated Disks.
  • Add a disk: set force, center of rotation, rotation direction, inner & outer radii, and name.
  • Add a second disk (example: ~2000 N each, left/right positions).

Use paired disks to represent counter-rotating propellers and capture propwash.

Under Aerodynamic Data β†’ Coefficients, example results for AoA = 2Β° and V β‰ˆ 1000 m/s (per the raw transcript):

  • Cl β‰ˆ 0.252
  • Cd (pressure) β‰ˆ 0.0119; Cd (skin friction) β‰ˆ 0.0125; Total Cd implied
  • L/D β‰ˆ 10.34
  • Cm about CG β‰ˆ βˆ’0.0158

Forces (example): L β‰ˆ 9000 lbf, D β‰ˆ 912 lbf (also available in SI units).

Actuator disks power (example): left and right each β‰ˆ 189.5 kW, total β‰ˆ 379 kW.

Note: Stallion 3D does not assume propeller/engine efficiency; multiply by a factor (e.g., 1.2–1.3) for realistic shaft power.

  • View surface pressure coefficient and velocity contours.
  • Add streamlines to visualize flow structures and propwash.
  • Slice the flow field to inspect internal regions; display grid cross-sections.
  • Plot Cp along the wing at y = 4 to study lift distribution.

In the example, the solver generated ~800k cells and converged in roughly 14k iterations.

On a laptop, the run completed in < 14 hours (per the transcript example).

Note, the latest version of Stallion 3D is now 4 times as fast

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